The Worldwide Criminal Justice System - 1468 Words

In the following paper, I will describe what worldwide criminal justice systems are doing to address the criminal issues I identified. I will talk about the terrorist group ISIS about the crimes they have committed. Then I will discuss how the worldwide criminal justice system handled the crime. The last thing I will discuss is the effectiveness of the systems response and include suggestions for future responses to combat or prevent these crimes. The Criminal justice system have begun to monitor the Arab community. Not much has become of this since the Justice Department view it as racial profiling. Even the beheading in Oklahoma wit was not ruled a terrorist attack. A problem with the criminal justice system noting is defined as†¦show more content†¦ISIS has posted their crimes on social media and the world remains quit about the happening with this this terrorist group. What harsh is that there is evidence of their crimes and the polished on twitter. â€Å"The Yazidi girls are raped five times a day and burnt with cigarettes.† (Tonkin, 2015). What more evidence is needed to prosecute these criminals? These girls are passed through these criminals like dodge ball. Many of them have given account of what they went through and the criminal justice system in Iraq and Syria looks on. Not even the United States system has step in to help the victims of these violent crimes. The United States has great resource to find these guys and prosecute. Some country have been involve lately to help the women escape the horrible life they were accustom to under ISIS. Charities got involved to offer assistant to the women and children. As for as the criminal justice system nothing really has happen on that end. Another than military dropping a few bombs on them. The world criminal justice system has kind of look the other way of the ongoing violence against these people. Its makes you think that the criminal courts are all the same that rarely go after harden criminals. It seems the court is having the Stockholm syndrome with ISIS. The court has just seem to be passive when it comes to bring justice to these guys. Many in the system seem it easier to go

Boeing Internal Analysis Free Essays

Boeing Internal Analysis Purpose This report discussed the components of internal analysis, competitive advantage, and strategic competitiveness of Boeing Company. This is done by analyzing the tangible intangible resources, capabilities, and core competencies in order to clarify Boeing’s strengths and weaknesses. Resources Exhibit 1 Tangible| Intangible| Manufacturing plants| Boeing’s digital design software| Composite and metal materials| Dynamic assembly line| Headquarters building| â€Å"Moonshine teams† strategy| Machinery used for lean production| Boeing’s brand name| Financing/ Launch aid from NASA | | Boeing’s newest jet, the 787, is made out of composite plastics and carbon fiber in order to be more efficient and comfortable. We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing Internal Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new materials allow the plane to be pressurized at a lower elevation, which results in less jet lag. Also, the cabin humidity can be raised to around 20% because these materials do not corrode like metals. Through the use of lean productions, Boeing significantly reduced the cost of machinery used for manufacturing, along with inventory costs. For financial resources, Boeing received $12 billion from NASA to develop technology. They also received $1 billion in loans from Mitsubishi, Kawasaki, and Fuji for the development of the 787. Furthermore, Boeing had received launch aid from U. S. Government subsidies. Boeing has a reputation as one of the best manufacturers of commercial and military jets. Its strong brand and name represents the position in the aerospace industry. Boeing has encountered some scandals in upper management, however they are trying to restructure its reputation and make a comeback. Capabilities Exhibit 2 Capability| Valuable| Rare| Costly to imitate| Non-substitutable| Dynamic Assembly| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Lean Production| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Composite Materials| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Lean production at Boeing was a very important and effective decision. They were able to design equipment that cost amazingly less and was much more efficient than the machines they were using at the time. A router was built for 0. 2% cost of their larger one and a drill machine was built for 5% cost of the previous model. They used a hay loader to put the seats into the planes, rather than using a crane, which reduced production time from twelve hours down to only two hours. Production of landing gear components took 32 moves over 10 months, but with the lean production strategy it only took 3 moves and the time span was reduced to 25 days. Dynamic assembly was an important change at Boeing as well. Before, planes had to be jacked into position at one station, worked on, down-jacked from the station, and moved with a power cart to the next station. This process could take up to two, ten hour shifts. By using a sled that drags the plane two inches per minute, Boeing reduced production time in half. Core Competencies One of Boeing’s core competencies would be utilizing composite plastics in the manufacturing of their jets. This is valuable because it allows them to build a jet that can travel faster, farther, and with more comfort than on previous jets. It can be considered costly to imitate because when Airbus built a model to compete, the A350, its performance was unable to compare to that of Boeing’s 787. The composite materials are non-substitutable because it is currently the highest grade technology jet manufacturing industry. It is rare because only Boeing and Airbus are in the commercial jet industry, and Airbus’s model cannot compare. Another core competency would be Boeing’s ability to use lean production. This is valuable because it allowed Boeing to free up 1. 3 million square feet of space and sell seven buildings by switching to a â€Å"just-in-time† inventory. Also, they were able to reduce costs of equipment and speed up the manufacturing process drastically. It is socially complex because it uses numerous different strategies to create one finished product. There are no substitutes that compare to lean production as far as time and money savings, and it is rare because Airbus and Boeing are the commercial jet companies to use it. The third core competency is Boeing’s dynamic assembly line. This was a valuable change to Boeing because it reduced assembly time by 50%, or from 22 days down to 11 days. The planes move 80 feet every shift and lights determine the status of the assembly line. Dynamic assembly lines are costly to imitate and rare due to the size of the plant and the components used in order to pull such a large craft throughout the building. The only substitute of a dynamic assembly line is a static assembly line, and the dynamic one performs much more efficiently. Weaknesses * Ineffective top management Boeing was recently faced with the scandals which hurt the reputation of Boeing. The top management recognized the problem and tried to figure it out by effective management strategies. * Outsourcing In 1997, Boeing lost $1. billion against their earnings due to problems with the supply of critical components. They had to halt the production of the 737 and the 747. In 2006, suppliers for Boeing’s 787 fell behind schedule which resulted in a delay of production. Value Chain Analysis The industry value chain is the process from the suppliers of the raw material to the end customers who demand the service of transportation. Boeing found itself in the c rucial situation of having lost market share to Airbus. Boeing had to act in response by enhancing customer benefits to recapture an advantage over its competitors. The fundamental idea was an innovative renovation in the supply chain process, which would redefine Boeing’s role as a coordinator and integrator rather than simply the manufacturer. At the heart of the supply chain transformation process was the strategy to outsource more than 70% of the 787’s production. Boeing introduced new project management techniques by sharing risk with partners. The companies sharing risk transformed the entire 787 program. The risk shared by partners in investing their own capital in the 787 program cut approximately 55% of Boeing’s development cost required for the program, which was $6 billion. Boeing’s outsourcing process has dramatically reduced the manufacturing time from roughly two weeks to as little as three days. Saving such significant time greatly decreases labor and inventory costs for the company as outsourced components reach the assembly site with pre-fitted sub-systems. This approach streamlines and adds efficiencies to the assembly process. (Boeing value chain report, 2010) Competitive Advantage * Works more with both its customers and suppliers to design and build the best aircrafts on the market. RD departments which are able to design and implement better aircrafts which reduce the costs and make more efficiency. * Flexible work schedules for the employees. * Boeing’s name and brand bring a strong competitive advantage between Boeing and Airbus. Exhibit 3 Profitability ratios| Boeing| Airbus| Net profit margin| 3. 6%| 0. 3%| Gross profit margin| 18. 02%| 11. 95%| Asset turnover| 1. 1| 0. 55| Return on assets| 6. 16%| 1. 07%| The profitability ratios show that Boeing had a moderate and good profitability compare with other company (such as Airbus). The return of assets of over 6 % shows an overall strong earning power of Boeing’s total assets. Strategic Competitiveness Boeing has implemented outsourcing to build better and more efficient airplanes by using portions of other companies’ knowledge and research with their own. This has helped them produce airplanes at a much lower cost. Boeing’s strategy was to develop the 787 at a very low cost. By doing this, Boeing believes it can compete with Airbus’ new Super Jumbo project. Boeing focused on medium capacity aircraft which can hold 250 people, whereas Airbus focused on super jumbo jets, which contain 550 people. Overall Boeing has achieved higher quality and efficiency. Boeing pins its hope on a different strategy and does not take the hub-and-spoke concept as a given. The Boeing 787 is the solution for non-stop, point-to-point flights between secondary cities. Conclusion Boeing’s ability to develop lean production, use of composite materials, and dynamic assembly methods are their strengths. Their weaknesses include poor upper management and unreliable outsourcing. In the future, Boeing needs to find higher quality upper management and more reliable suppliers. How to cite Boeing Internal Analysis, Essay examples

Distribution Strategy in Companies

Question: Discuss about the case of the premium shampoo, inexpensive laptops and customized designs. Answer: Introduction The paper focuses on generating conceptual understanding of different types of distribution strategies like direct, indirect, exclusive, selective and intensive. It would then focus on applying the conceptual understanding of the different distribution strategies in understanding the distribution strategy that can be employed by firms involved in three different cases. The analysis would also reflect on the pros and cons of the different types of distribution strategies related to the different cases. The Case of the Premium Shampoo The premium priced shampoo priced at $250 is taken to be distributed in the larger market through the use of Direct Distribution strategy. The use of the direct distribution strategy is favored over the indirect distribution strategy as in that it helps in transferring direct ownership of the premium and high quality shampoo from the producer to the customer. The manufacturer is thereby required to sell the shampoo through the use of online, mobile, electronic commerce and also through the use of direct marketing channels(Richardson Gosnay, 2010). The use of direct distribution strategy ideally helps in generating greater control of the manufacturer or producer on the distribution of the product. The same however limits the potential of the shampoo manufacturer in employing wholesalers and retailers for gaining an increased coverage of the consumer market (Richardson Gosnay, 2010). Similarly, the manufacturer of the costly shampoo product can also focus on using the exclusive distribution strategy for marketing and distributing the costly shampoo product (Paley, 2007). The use of the exclusive distribution strategy is justified in that it helps in reducing the dependence of middlemen for marketing and distributing the product. However, the use of the exclusive distribution strategy limits the movement of the seller and producer to selected stores (Lambin Schuiling, 2012). The Case of the Inexpensive Laptops Regarding the case of the inexpensive laptops priced at $150 the indirect marketing or distribution strategy needs to be effectively adopted as that would help the producer in leveraging the support of intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers in marketing the laptops to a larger number of consumers. It would thus help in generating increased market coverage. However, the use of indirect distribution strategy would tend to generate increased conflicts between competitors and channel partners (Richardson Gosnay, 2010). Similarly, the laptop producer can also focus on employing the intensive distribution strategy for marketing and distribution the low priced laptops in the greater market. The use of intensive distribution strategy is favored in that it would help in reflecting the laptops as convenience products and thereby in marketing the same through the use of a wide network of retail stores (Paley, 2007). The use of the intensive distribution approach would however tend to cause increased competition while also tends to affect the relationship between the manufacturer, producer, supplier and retailer groups (SRINIVASAN, 2014). Moreover, the use of the intensive approach can also liquidate the value of the product or service offerings and can cause increased competition between the different retailers(Paley, 2007). The Case of Customized Designs The case of the company devising technology that encourages consumers in generating customized designs reflects that the company can effectively focus on the use of direct distribution approaches in distributing and marketing the product over the marketplace. The use of the direct distribution approach is required to be undertaken in that the same helps the producer of the online technology in marketing and distributing the same directly to target consumers without the involvement of middlemen. It helps the technology producer to foster greater control over the market and also in enjoying reduced distribution costs (Richardson Gosnay, 2010). Again, the technology producer can also focus on using the selective distribution strategy in that the same would help the producer in marketing and distributing the product through the use of selective outlets. The same helps in reducing the control of the intermediaries on distributing the technology product. It also helps in generating greater control of the producer or manufacturing company on marketing and distributing the product (Baines Fill, 2014). Further, the use of selective distribution strategy would help the producer or manufacturer in gaining the advantage of cooperative advertising (Vecchi, 2016). The use of cooperative advertising campaign would effectively help in distributing and allocating the advertising costs between the producer and retailer. The use of the selective distribution strategy however fails to gain exposure to large number of stores for marketing and distribution of the product in the larger market (Paley, 2007). Conclusions The analysis of the different distribution strategies contributed in applying the same for identifying the right kind of distribution strategy that can be employed by the firms involved in the three different cases concerning the premium shampoo, the low priced laptops and also the technology used for custom designing of garments. Both conceptual and pragmatic analysis is carried out for gaining the needful inferences. The analysis reflects the different types of advantages and challenges that are countered by the companies involved in the three cases on employing the distribution strategies. Further, the analysis also focused on justifying the reason as to the selection for the specific type of distribution strategy for the different cases that helps in exploring the benefits and challenges involved. References Baines, P., Fill, C. (2014). MARKETING 3E P. United Kingdom : OUP Oxford. Lambin, J.-J., Schuiling, I. (2012). Market-Driven Management: Strategic and Operational Marketing. United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan. Paley, N. (2007). The Marketing Strategy Desktop Guide. United Kingdom: Thorogood Publishing. Richardson, N., Gosnay, R. M. (2010). Develop Your Marketing Skills. United States : Kogan Page Publishers . SRINIVASAN, R. (2014). SERVICES MARKETING: THE INDIAN CONTEXT. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Vecchi, A. (2016). Handbook of Research on Global Fashion Management and Merchandising. United Kingdom : IGI Global.

Sadness and Silence Censoring Music free essay sample

Doorknockers Sadness Silence: Censoring Music, Censoring Our Imaginations Music provides a powerful form of expression that at its most basic level helps to entertain while containing the power to cause revolutions both cultural and political. (Hall) Whether you are a fan of heavy metal music or classical music, there Is no denying that a life without music would be a very boring world indeed. Yet there are people out there that want to destroy this long-revered art form. People who call music a bad influence and want to see it censored and controlled.Why do they want to do this? Well, there are many reasons. Many people want to censor music as a means of enforcing morality. Since the asss many religious conservatives have made It their personal duty to clean up the lyrics In the music of the past 20 years. Among these Is former Second Lady Tipper Gore, who put the entire music Industry on trial In 1992 (Gore, 1987). We will write a custom essay sample on Sadness and Silence: Censoring Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Musical acts, from rockers such as Frank Zap and Twisted Sister to country music legend John Denver, took the stand to protest Mrs.. Gore and her organization; the Parents Music Resource Center (AND. Com).There was even a 2002 television movie, Warning: Parental Advisory, about these Senate trials. (midi. Com) Though many would deny it, racial issues fuel a lot of the problems with musical content. It started In the 1 955, when a Chicago radio station promised to censor any controversial music. Especially after receiving letters from angry listeners. [ (Sparrow, 2009) In the asss, with RB music on the rise, many adults were worried that their children would be exposed to immoral concepts while listening. Given the fact that RB was performed, and listened to, by primarilyAfrican-Americans many racial tensions were brought to bear. These tensions continued into the asss. In 1983, during a live interview, David Bowie suddenly asked, Why are there practically no black artists on the network? [ (Why It Took MAT So Long To Play Black Music Videos ) ] In fact, due to the popularity of his album Thriller, Michael Jackson is credited as one of the first minority musicians to gain major rotation on MAT. When rap music came into prominence even the government found a way to discriminate. The argument can be made that racial motivations also laded a large role in the Bis 1989 letter to the rap group N.W. A. [ (Magnum, 1986)] The FBI took exception to the groups single F*** that Police. While the group said they were only expressing their anger towards the treatment of Inner city black youths by local law enforcement. It served as another example of censorship rearing its ugly head. Gaps in the values of our different generations have also played a major role in this constant war on our ears. In the asss and asss this clash of values was over the younger generations love affair with R;8 and Rock N Roll, which promoted ex, drugs, and the questioning of authority.This did not sit well with the older MINI, and as result put much more emphasis on structured values and respect for authority. For example, in 1965, the Rolling Stones and the Who were banned from radio stations nationwide because of sexual references in their songs. [ (Sparrow, 2009)] In 1971, the FCC threatened to take away broadcast licenses from stations playing songs that glorified drugs. In the same year, songs by John Lennox and Jotter rule were changed without their knowledge or consent. Lemons music was changed y radio station themselves while Jotter Tulles songs were changed by their record label Chrysalis Records. (Magnum, 1986)] That would be the same as a going into a museum and painting over an artist work because you did not like what it portrayed. Do you think Leonardo Dad Vinci would have stood for something like this? Would we have masterpieces such as the Sistine Chapel if Michelangelo did not have creative control? As is usually the case when people try to infringe on our freedoms, fear is at the root of music censorship. Parents fear that their children will be corrupted by existing to the likes of Oozy Osborne and Amine. The government fears that the public will be incensed to rebellion by the anarchic lyrics of bands like N. W. A. And Rage Against the Machine. Religious leaders fear that their followers will lose faith after listening to anti-Semitic artists like Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails. Rough many of these fears are unfounded, they have led to many irrational attempts to censor music. The National Coalition on Television, which monitored the level of violence in music videos, asked for the federal government to regulate rock USIA on television. (Magnum, 1986)] Although these demands were never met, other groups found more success in pressuring the record companies. The Parents Music Resource Center (MARC), pushed the music industry and the government to create a rating systems evaluating the content of artists. The MARC also hoped for radio stations to become conscious about airing controversial content which would in turn censor artists hoping to become played on the radio. The MARC was led by ripper Gore and very influential wives of politicians and businessmen living in Instigation, D. C.As a result of testimony before the U. S. Senate, the Recording Industry Association of Americana) began labeling albums that may be objectionable, including the infamous black-and-white label Parental Advisory: Explicit Content, created in 1990 and still in use today. [ (Hall) ] Even today, censorship advocates are still attacking the violent lyrics of gangster rap and sexually-charged videos of todays videos. No matter what decade it is, it always seems that the music of that eras youth is the music under attack. The source of this is humanity inborn aversion to change.During the Revolutionary War, there was a large segment of colonists who did not want to secede from England. The struggles women and minorities alone have faced Just to be treated like human beings is proof enough of mankinds fear of change. This affects music because music is recognized as a potential source of power to change values, ideas, and beliefs as well as to influence actions. In the case of children being exposed to inappropriate things from the music they listen to, it is the Job of the parent to make sure they know exactly what their children are listening to.Those who fear this change try to stop it by censorship, even when, as history has shown us, censorship is different than the crimes committing against Japanese-Americans and the Jews during World War II. Our freedoms have been written down for hundreds of years. To encroach on any of those freedoms is to go against the ideals of our forefathers, the ere essence of our great nation. If you do not like the message of a certain song or performance, you do not have to listen to it, but do not try to rob others of the right to listen to whatever they want.

The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay

The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay The Right of Habeas Corpus in the Context of the War on Terror essay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Habeas corpus is one of the means of providing strong protection for the individual liberty of people. It is a civil procedure that has a long and colorful history of evolution. The term â€Å"habeas corpus† stands for a â€Å"command, issued as a means of interlocutory process, to have the defendant to an action brought physically before the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 2). Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the right of habeas corpus, including to whom it should be applied and where it should be used, was raised in the context of the war on terror. Habeas corpus, as a legal proceeding, is considered to be a significant remedy for prisoners. According to David Andrew Schultz (2009), prisoners have the right to â€Å"ask a court to evaluate the legality of his or her detention† (p. 334). It is very important for any individual to understa nd the legal justification for detention. Thesis statement: The application of habeas corpus has changed since its origin because of certain changes in political environment, but its major purpose remains unchanged to protect individual liberty and human rights. As a result, the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror continues to be in force and effect.The historical evolution of the writ of habeas corpus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical evolution of habeas corpus can be explained in English and American traditions. Habeas corpus stands for the â€Å"order to bring a person into the custody of the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 1). The origins of habeas corpus refer to the early 13-th century, when the use of habeas corpus was focused on putting an individual to prison rather than to setting free. To put it more exactly, habeas corpus was adopted to ensure the physical presence of an individual in the court at a set time (Farbey et al., 2011; Schultz, 2009).   Historians state that in some situations, it was used to â€Å"signify a command to the sheriff to bring a person accused of a crime before the court† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 2). At the early stage of the history of habeas corpus, this term was not associated with the idea of individual liberty.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, there were three important medieval writs, which played an important role in the development of the idea of liberty: â€Å"de homine replegiando, mainprize and de odio et atia† (Farbey et al., 2011, p. 3). These writs were applied to special procedures, enabling prisoners to get out on bail. In this case, the court did not give explanation of the cause of imprisonment. So, the legality of imprisonment could be determined in case of habeas corpus.The explanation of the evolution of habeas corpus within the English tradition is based on the adoption of the English common law. According to Sir William Blackstone, an outstanding English lawman, the habeas corpus was first applied by the court in 1305 (Schultz, 2009).   Some other historical evidence shows that it was first recorded by Magna Charta in 1215 (Schultz, 2009). Thus, the original judicial application of the law was in favor of the King as the initial purpose of the habeas writ was to call prisoners to court to testify. The changes in the political environment through the ages influenced the application of the habeas writ (Primus, 2010).   The present purpose of the law is to provide protection against arbitrary detention of individuals by the law enforcement agencies. American tradition includes the general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its positive relationship to the protection of other civil liberties and rights.There are many examples from the U.S. history that demonstrate the cases of the suspension of habeas corpus, including the Civil War, the WWI cases. For examp le, in 1862, President Lincoln suspended the habeas writ for persons who were arrested for disloyal practices. The suspension of habeas corpus can be applied to the present situation because of the Constitution’s clauses that authorize the U.S. government to have power in terms of the use of the habeas writ. The Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution refers to the congressional authority, which can be applied to present day cases of war on terrorism. The writ of habeas corpus is still an important component of the law, although the debates surrounding it are still prevalent.Analysis of the relevance of habeas corpus to the contemporary U.S. situation  during the war on terrorAnalyzing the relevance of habeas corpus to the contemporary U.S. situation during the war on terror, it is necessary to assess the impact of the writ on the persons characterized by as enemy combatants or illegal combatants. Due to the writ of habeas, a person can be released from unlawful deten tion. Habeas corpus played an important role the cases that had direct relation to the war on terror not only in the U.S., but also in the United Kingdom, where it was alleged that â€Å"detainees have been held in breach of international human rights law standards† (Duxbury, 2013, p. 85). There are several cases that are relevant to the habeas writ, including Rusul v. Bush (2004), Boumediene v. Bush (2008), and other cases. Military commissions were used to trial detainees. In many cases, prisoners were limited to a ‘single habeas petition† (Slomanson, 2010, p. 544).The U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the right of habeas corpuswith respect to enemy combatants or illegal combatantsThe U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the right of habeas corpus with respect to enemy combatants or illegal combatants can be analyzed by means of the case Boumediene v. Bush, in which the views of the five justices made up the majority. The petitioners in the case were detained foreigners who were withdrawn by the court, violating the Suspension Clause of the Constitution. The 5-4 opinion court decision authored by Justice Kennedy was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, holding that the petitioners had a constitutional right to habeas corpus. Besides, the views of the four dissenting justices should be taken into consideration.In general, the writ of habeas can be described as a wartime practice with respect to enemy combatants. However, Americans assisting the enemy during war actions have always been treated as â€Å"traitors subject to criminal process† (Gregory, 2013).Evaluation of four perspectives relating to habeas corpusThe issue regarding habeas corpus has been discussed by the justices of the Supreme Court, leaders in other branches of government, and commentators in both the academic and popular media.The role of the President as Commander-in-Chief  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of the President as Commander-in-Chief regarding habeas corpus is based on his constitutional authority to provide protection to the nation and national security in the most suitable manner. It has been found that the President has the right to exercise his Commander-in-Chief authority in â€Å"conjunction with the complete support of Congress† (Gregory, 2013, p. 368).The role of Congress in determining when habeas corpus can be suspended  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of Congress in determining when habeas corpus can be suspended is crucial. According to researchers, â€Å"the Suspended Clause of the Constitution allows Congress to suspend the writ of habeas corpus â€Å"in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion† of â€Å"the public safety†¦ requires it† (qtd. in Blum, 2008, p. 99). If the attacks of September 9, 2001 can be viewed an invasion, it is possible to respond to this invasion by suspending the writ (Redish McNamara, 2010).   The threat to the nat ion posed by terrorism can be regarded as invasion, although there is no this occasion in the US Constitution. Nevertheless, Congress has the right and power to suspend habeas corpus as it is the branch of the US government. In the case of Boumediene v. Bush, Congress passed Military Commissions Act of 2006, to address the detention of the foreigners at Guantanamo Bay. This act cannot be viewed as the formal suspension of habeas corpus (Farrell, 2011).The role of the Supreme Court in protecting civil liberties, including the judicial philosophy which should guide the Court in this role  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The U.S. Supreme Court holds that the privilege of habeas corpus permits the prisoner to have an opportunity to show that â€Å"he is being held pursuant to the erroneous application or interpretation of relevant law† (Blum, 2008, p. 90). In the case of Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the foreigners at Guantanamo Bay enjoyed the right of habeas corpus, bri nging their petition to the federal court (Neuman, 2010).   This fact means that foreigners have the right to file habeas corpus petition as the U.S. citizens do. This is a so-called procedural remedyMy personal philosophy, values, or ideology about the balance between civil liberties and national security in the context of an unending war on terror  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that the common laws on terrorism must be flexible, and the law of habeas corpus should be followed. Today the USA is a well-developed country, which has an opportunity to capture a criminal anywhere on the globe.   Besides, the President’s power is effective to deal with war on terrorism. However, I completely agree with Justice Thomas who states that â€Å"the court’s ability to keep up with the president must stay frozen forever† (Gregory, 2013, p. 370). The nature of the common law in the judiciary depends on the presidential wartime powers. The Presidency was adopted by the U.S. Constitution that provides the application of the common law practices, including the writ of habeas corpus. My personal philosophy is based on promoting justice in all spheres of human activity, especially in the judiciary and governance.   I believe there should be the balance between civil liberties and national security in the context of an unending war on terror. In time of war on terror, it is necessary to avoid conflicts which affect national defense.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that habeas corpus has always been an important writ aimed at protecting individual liberty from unlawful governmental actions. The major goal of habeas corpus is to keep executive governmental agencies and departments accountable to their judiciary. American national government plays a crucial role in examination of civil liberties in the context of the war on terror. Today the U.S. has to deal with the war on terr orism which often leads to the problems connected with striking a balance between individual liberty rights and national security. The right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror should continue to be in force and effect.

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is an illustrated account of the making of the movie by series author. Jeff Kinney provides a behind the scenes look at the casting and making of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movie, as well as its relationship to the Diary of a Wimpy Kid book, the first book in the series. Highlights Kinney then recounts the differing viewpoints of Hollywood executives on what the movie should be like, the initial drafts of the script and the hiring of the director. He describes the search for the perfect young actors to portray Greg and his friend Rowley and their screen test. Kinney includes sketches and essays by the young actors about the character each was to portray, which provide insight as to what they thought about their characters. Author Jeff Kinney and His Books Diary of a Wimpy KidDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick RulesDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog DaysDiary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly TruthDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin FeverDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Do-It-Yourself Book

E-marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-marketing Strategies - Essay Example The advent of the internet and the increasing familiarity of the same among people have opened up a new window of marketing. Today, manufacturers and companies are increasingly using the online mode of communication to connect to the customers. This has led to a new field of marketing which is defined as the e-marketing. E-marketing is different from the traditional models of marketing in quite a number of ways. In simple terms, this mode of marketing uses the internet as the basic platform to reach the target customers. The inherent advantages of e-marketing lies in the fact that the marketing team can directly interact with the end user. This empowers them to modify and improve the changes needed that might be instrumental in providing the customer with desires satisfaction. The most appealing attribute of the e-marketing techniques lies in the ability to utilise a limited amount of space in the most optimum way. A physical advertisement can be used only to inform the customer about the product and the offering. In the virtual domain, an advertisement can be used to inform a customer as well as entice him to purchase the product if he so desires by providing an option to click on the icon of the advertisement. The internet is also potentially equipped to provide a single point contact between marketers and the customers. The distribution costs come down drastically by using this medium. A company can monitor the buying behaviour of the customers. This is particularly helpful while analysing the consumer behaviour of the customers. From the customer's point of view, they are facilitated as far as convenience of contact is concerned. The marketers and sellers are just a click away. There is a significant reduction in travelling costs of the customers. E-marketing is a field of revolution that has brought the entire market into a small screen in front of the customer. Online Marketing In the competitive world of today, the most crucial factor which plays the deciding role for a consumer is the availability of the required information at the right time. The traditional methods of communication for a business seem to be not enough. The advertisements through newspapers, magazines or journals and other traditional forms lack the personal touch. There are number of newspapers being published and it is not possible for every one to go through all the newspaper or other form of print media. Therefore, there is every possibility that the intended customer might not view the advertisement. Also, this form of advertisement suffers from the very important consideration of market reach. As print media or other forms of traditional media is able to cater only a few handful of customers. Advertisement through television is also confined to a customer base of certain geography. So, to overcome all these hindrances the online marketing is believed to be the appropriate source. With online marketing in place, any interested person might satisfy his query just with a click. There are a few proven way to market online. At the very outset, the company requires to have a

How Can Facebook Be Good for Business Research Paper

How Can Facebook Be Good for Business - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss how Facebook can be good for businesses. This will also analyze the scope of marketing activities in this new age of online branding. Facebook provides users with a common platform to express their views and share their opinions easily so as to significantly take part in the social formation process. As compared to traditional promotion techniques, companies obtain a great pool of audience while marketing through the Facebook channel. In other words, firms can cheaply advertise their products and services to people across the globe using Facebook. In contrast to conventional promotion techniques, Facebook-based promotion assists companies to collect customer feedbacks regarding various product/service instantly. Today all successful companies have a well maintained Facebook page and they keep their pages updated in order to be in good touch with customers. Market analysts point out that Facebook is very helpful for companies in dealing with brand positioning i n the current business environment. Modern people spend more time browsing the internet, particularly Facebook rather than watching television. Therefore, TV ads would be less effective (in terms of cost and productivity) today. The most fascinating advantage of Facebook-based brand positioning is that it significantly benefits businesses to cut down their operating costs while achieving the planned benefits quickly. To illustrate, an organization can very cheaply maintain a Facebook page and develop its followers’ group as there is no extra charge for doing so. According to Schivinski and Dabrowski, with the emergence of Facebook, communication with customers has become an easy task for organizations and this situation, in turn, drives the formation of timely and potential operational strategies. Undoubtedly, most of the marketing managers will agree that a notable percent of their new business comes from existing customers. In the opinion of Lynn and Davis, mouth publicity is the most powerful tool of advertising because consumers are the ones who can best evaluate a product/service. It is evident that Facebook provides users with extensive exposure to discover and share information and this feature of social media contributes to the feasibility of ‘word of mouth referrals’. The Guardian reports that â€Å"there are more than 3.2 billion likes and comments posted to Facebook every day, many of those to the 37m brand pages†. It directly reflects the unimaginable scope of Facebook-based brand promotion. Since a company’s Facebook page will reflect its business and what it stands for, the management must pay higher attention to creating and maintaining its brand page. To illustrate, the firm may set a cover photo that depicts the essence of its brand and quality of products/services offered. Firms can include the â€Å"find us on Facebook† option on its website, emails, and newsletters in order to encourage its existing customers to like the firm’s brand page. Hence, the company gets a huge group of existing and prospective customers subscribed to its brand page.

The Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC Essay Example for Free

The Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC Essay In this passage, there is a recollection of the Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. Using this historic event, the passage attempts to criticize colonialism for its cruelty. By eloquently undermining the justifications of colonialism, Conrad manages to effectively critique it and its ironic nature. Through the use of light and dark imagery, the cyclic nature of colonialism and distortion of time, the readers are enlightened with an enhanced understanding of Conrads critique. Imagery of light and darkness in the passage serve to emphasize the extent of Roman heroism while as the same time implicate the savage roots from which England has developed. As Marlow says, Light came out of this river since you say knights?, the readers sense an immediate praise of the Romans warriors. As well, he says that darkness was here yesterday, as he ponders of the feelings of a commander of a fine [] trireme in the Mediterranean, ordered suddenly to the north; run overland across the Gauls. Through this, Conrad manages to undermine the English. He described the Roman soldiers as lost in a wilderness, and describes England, this wilderness, with words such as: cold, fog, tempest, disease, exile, and death. The savagery of the British is made apparent through Marlows depiction. The juxtaposition of savage England and colonialism effectively strips away the Britishs justification for their colonizing acts. The cyclic nature of colonialism is explored throughout the passage. It begins with the imagery of the Romans, a wonderful lot of handy men that attempted to survive the awful climate and overcome the savage Thames River. This implies the nature of British themselves. From living in a wild and disgusting environment, they themselves have the same quality. Conrad augments the savage roots form which the British originated. Thus, Marlow speaks in an ironic tone as colonialism is presented in a way to appear hypocritical as it was the people who were colonized are now the ones colonizing. Through the cyclic nature of colonialism, Conrad manages to critique it for its irony and hypocrisy At the very beginning of the passage, Marlow says, I was thinking of very old times, when the Romans first came here nineteen hundred years ago the other day. Time takes on a distorted reality. As the passage begins with the blurring of nineteen hundred years ago and the other day, an overall sense of ambiguity of time is given to the passage. The readers are unable to make a differentiation between the time periods; therefore the two acts of colonialism are simultaneous and assimilated. The readers acknowledge the absurdity as the British act as both a colonizer and the colonized. Using the omission of time, Conrad creates a hypocritical undertone through the passage. Overall, this passage effectively undermines the justification of colonialism and allows the readers to see the irony and hypocrisy on which it is based upon. Through light and dark imagery, the Romans are praised for their bravery while the British are portrayed as savages. The cyclic nature of colonialism helps Conrad augment his critique on criticism. And finally, the omission of time allows the passage to have an effective ironic tone to convey Conrads opinion. The combination of the 3 expresses the absurdity in colonialism.

Hamlet - Shakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Essay -- Hamlet essays

Hamlet - Shakespeare's Ophelia as Modern Icon Shakespeare's Ophelia is not lacking in attention. As one of Shakespeare's most popular female characters she has enjoyed many appellations from the bard. '"Fair Ophelia." "Most beautified Ophelia." "Pretty Ophelia." "Sweet Ophelia." "Dear Ophelia." "Beautiful Ophelia†¦sweet maid†¦poor wretch." "Poor Ophelia."' (Vest 1) All of these names for Ophelia can be found in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Since Shakespeare's incarnation of Ophelia many have felt the need to offer their opinions of Ophelia as a character. '"Poor wispy Ophelia." "Devastated and emotionally exhausted Ophelia." "Pensive, fair-haired, blue-eyed daughter of the north." "Ophelia the young, the beauteous, the harmless, the pious." "Clumsy Ophelia†¦open-hearted but light-brained†¦incapable either of understanding or of curing." "A weak creature, wanting in truthfulness, in purpose, in force of character, and only interesting when she loses the little wits she had."' (Vest 1 ) These are only a few of the hundreds. For a character that only appears in five of the 20 scenes in Hamlet, Ophelia has garnered a great deal of attention from analysts, critics, artists, actresses, fiction writers, psychologists, and adolescent girls alike. Readers are consistently struck by her character that seems relatively insignificant in the grand scheme of things. Ophelia is many times viewed as only important in relation to Hamlet and the effect she has on him. Ophelia is not just important in this respect, but also in respect to what she tells us about the society she came out of and the society we live in today. First analyzing Shakespeare and his precursors then concentrating on the modern day prominence of ... ...s Write About Their Search For Self. New York: Harper Collins, 1999. Vest, James M. The French Face of Ophelia from Belleforest to Baudelaire. Lanham: University Press of America, 1989. Appendix 1 "Ophelia's Legs (Voyeur in a Small Town)" From Dead Snakes, Cats and the IRS, Poetry of Rock and Rebellion I watch eyes thinking of an old free man's story, seeing slanted gilts of light cat-backed mountains bristling in the distance there is an Ophelia's legs softer than blood in the trail she's unfolded toward crossed by dove's flight and spider tip-toeing- the angle determines what will notice- each's earth fingers reach through as quietly as they must be found. I see this woman, her lovers, some have been mine. The days damn here, filigreed as hair or knowing -Theresa Courtney Gillespie

Angels Demons Chapter 74-79

74 Langdon saw what he was looking for a good ten yards before they reached it. Through the scattered tourists, the white marble ellipse of Bernini's West Ponente stood out against the gray granite cubes that made up the rest of the piazza. Vittoria apparently saw it too. Her hand tensed. â€Å"Relax,† Langdon whispered. â€Å"Do your piranha thing.† Vittoria loosened her grip. As they drew nearer, everything seemed forbiddingly normal. Tourists wandered, nuns chatted along the perimeter of the piazza, a girl fed pigeons at the base of the obelisk. Langdon refrained from checking his watch. He knew it was almost time. The elliptical stone arrived beneath their feet, and Langdon and Vittoria slowed to a stop – not overeagerly – just two tourists pausing dutifully at a point of mild interest. â€Å"West Ponente,† Vittoria said, reading the inscription on the stone. Langdon gazed down at the marble relief and felt suddenly naive. Not in his art books, not in his numerous trips to Rome, not ever had West Ponente's significance jumped out at him. Not until now. The relief was elliptical, about three feet long, and carved with a rudimentary face – a depiction of the West Wind as an angel-like countenance. Gusting from the angel's mouth, Bernini had drawn a powerful breath of air blowing outward away from the Vatican†¦ the breath of God. This was Bernini's tribute to the second element†¦ Air†¦ an ethereal zephyr blown from angel's lips. As Langdon stared, he realized the significance of the relief went deeper still. Bernini had carved the air in five distinct gusts†¦ five! What was more, flanking the medallion were two shining stars. Langdon thought of Galileo. Two stars, five gusts, ellipses, symmetry†¦ He felt hollow. His head hurt. Vittoria began walking again almost immediately, leading Langdon away from the relief. â€Å"I think someone's following us,† she said. Langdon looked up. â€Å"Where?† Vittoria moved a good thirty yards before speaking. She pointed up at the Vatican as if showing Langdon something on the dome. â€Å"The same person has been behind us all the way across the square.† Casually, Vittoria glanced over her shoulder. â€Å"Still on us. Keep moving.† â€Å"You think it's the Hassassin?† Vittoria shook her head. â€Å"Not unless the Illuminati hires women with BBC cameras.† When the bells of St. Peter's began their deafening clamor, both Langdon and Vittoria jumped. It was time. They had circled away from West Ponente in an attempt to lose the reporter but were now moving back toward the relief. Despite the clanging bells, the area seemed perfectly calm. Tourists wandered. A homeless drunk dozed awkwardly at the base of the obelisk. A little girl fed pigeons. Langdon wondered if the reporter had scared the killer off. Doubtful, he decided, recalling the killer's promise. I will make your cardinals media luminaries. As the echo of the ninth bell faded away, a peaceful silence descended across the square. Then†¦ the little girl began to scream. 75 Langdon was the first to reach the screaming girl. The terrified youngster stood frozen, pointing at the base of the obelisk where a shabby, decrepit drunk sat slumped on the stairs. The man was a miserable sight†¦ apparently one of Rome's homeless. His gray hair hung in greasy strands in front of his face, and his entire body was wrapped in some sort of dirty cloth. The girl kept screaming as she scampered off into the crowd. Langdon felt an upsurge of dread as he dashed toward the invalid. There was a dark, widening stain spreading across the man's rags. Fresh, flowing blood. Then, it was as if everything happened at once. The old man seemed to crumple in the middle, tottering forward. Langdon lunged, but he was too late. The man pitched forward, toppled off the stairs, and hit the pavement facedown. Motionless. Langdon dropped to his knees. Vittoria arrived beside him. A crowd was gathering. Vittoria put her fingers on the man's throat from behind. â€Å"There's a pulse,† she declared. â€Å"Roll him.† Langdon was already in motion. Grasping the man's shoulders, he rolled the body. As he did, the loose rags seemed to slough away like dead flesh. The man flopped limp onto his back. Dead center of his naked chest was a wide area of charred flesh. Vittoria gasped and pulled back. Langdon felt paralyzed, pinned somewhere between nausea and awe. The symbol had a terrifying simplicity to it. Angels & Demons â€Å"Air,† Vittoria choked. â€Å"It's†¦ him.† Swiss Guards appeared from out of nowhere, shouting orders, racing after an unseen assassin. Nearby, a tourist explained that only minutes ago, a dark-skinned man had been kind enough to help this poor, wheezing, homeless man across the square†¦ even sitting a moment on the stairs with the invalid before disappearing back into the crowd. Vittoria ripped the rest of the rags off the man's abdomen. He had two deep puncture wounds, one on either side of the brand, just below his rib cage. She cocked the man's head back and began to administer mouth to mouth. Langdon was not prepared for what happened next. As Vittoria blew, the wounds on either side of the man's midsection hissed and sprayed blood into the air like blowholes on a whale. The salty liquid hit Langdon in the face. Vittoria stopped short, looking horrified. â€Å"His lungs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she stammered. â€Å"They're†¦ punctured.† Langdon wiped his eyes as he looked down at the two perforations. The holes gurgled. The cardinal's lungs were destroyed. He was gone. Vittoria covered the body as the Swiss Guards moved in. Langdon stood, disoriented. As he did, he saw her. The woman who had been following them earlier was crouched nearby. Her BBC video camera was shouldered, aimed, and running. She and Langdon locked eyes, and he knew she'd gotten it all. Then, like a cat, she bolted. 76 Chinita Macri was on the run. She had the story of her life. Her video camera felt like an anchor as she lumbered across St. Peter's Square, pushing through the gathering crowd. Everyone seemed to be moving in the opposite direction than her†¦ toward the commotion. Macri was trying to get as far away as possible. The man in the tweed jacket had seen her, and now she sensed others were after her, men she could not see, closing in from all sides. Macri was still aghast from the images she had just recorded. She wondered if the dead man was really who she feared he was. Glick's mysterious phone contact suddenly seemed a little less crazy. As she hurried in the direction of the BBC van, a young man with a decidedly militaristic air emerged from the crowd before her. Their eyes met, and they both stopped. Like lightning, he raised a walkie-talkie and spoke into it. Then he moved toward her. Macri wheeled and doubled back into the crowd, her heart pounding. As she stumbled through the mass of arms and legs, she removed the spent video cassette from her camera. Cellulose gold, she thought, tucking the tape under her belt flush to her backside and letting her coat tails cover it. For once she was glad she carried some extra weight. Glick, where the hell are you! Another soldier appeared to her left, closing in. Macri knew she had little time. She banked into the crowd again. Yanking a blank cartridge from her case, she slapped it into the camera. Then she prayed. She was thirty yards from the BBC van when the two men materialized directly in front of her, arms folded. She was going nowhere. â€Å"Film,† one snapped. â€Å"Now.† Macri recoiled, wrapping her arms protectively around her camera. â€Å"No chance.† One of the men pulled aside his jacket, revealing a sidearm. â€Å"So shoot me,† Macri said, amazed by the boldness of her voice. â€Å"Film,† the first one repeated. Where the devil is Glick? Macri stamped her foot and yelled as loudly as possible, â€Å"I am a professional videographer with the BBC! By Article 12 of the Free Press Act, this film is property of the British Broadcast Corporation!† The men did not flinch. The one with the gun took a step toward her. â€Å"I am a lieutenant with the Swiss Guard, and by the Holy Doctrine governing the property on which you are now standing, you are subject to search and seizure.† A crowd had started to gather now around them. Macri yelled, â€Å"I will not under any circumstances give you the film in this camera without speaking to my editor in London. I suggest you – â€Å" The guards ended it. One yanked the camera out of her hands. The other forcibly grabbed her by the arm and twisted her in the direction of the Vatican. â€Å"Grazie,† he said, leading her through a jostling crowd. Macri prayed they would not search her and find the tape. If she could somehow protect the film long enough to – Suddenly, the unthinkable happened. Someone in the crowd was groping under her coat. Macri felt the video yanked away from her. She wheeled, but swallowed her words. Behind her, a breathless Gunther Glick gave her a wink and dissolved back into the crowd. 77 Robert Langdon staggered into the private bathroom adjoining the Office of the Pope. He dabbed the blood from his face and lips. The blood was not his own. It was that of Cardinal Lamasse, who had just died horribly in the crowded square outside the Vatican. Virgin sacrifices on the altars of science. So far, the Hassassin had made good on his threat. Langdon felt powerless as he gazed into the mirror. His eyes were drawn, and stubble had begun to darken his cheeks. The room around him was immaculate and lavish – black marble with gold fixtures, cotton towels, and scented hand soaps. Langdon tried to rid his mind of the bloody brand he had just seen. Air. The image stuck. He had witnessed three ambigrams since waking up this morning†¦ and he knew there were two more coming. Outside the door, it sounded as if Olivetti, the camerlegno, and Captain Rocher were debating what to do next. Apparently, the antimatter search had turned up nothing so far. Either the guards had missed the canister, or the intruder had gotten deeper inside the Vatican than Commander Olivetti had been willing to entertain. Langdon dried his hands and face. Then he turned and looked for a urinal. No urinal. Just a bowl. He lifted the lid. As he stood there, tension ebbing from his body, a giddy wave of exhaustion shuddered through his core. The emotions knotting his chest were so many, so incongruous. He was fatigued, running on no food or sleep, walking the Path of Illumination, traumatized by two brutal murders. Langdon felt a deepening horror over the possible outcome of this drama. Think, he told himself. His mind was blank. As he flushed, an unexpected realization hit him. This is the Pope's toilet, he thought. I just took a leak in the Pope's toilet. He had to chuckle. The Holy Throne. 78 In London, a BBC technician ejected a video cassette from a satellite receiver unit and dashed across the control room floor. She burst into the office of the editor-in-chief, slammed the video into his VCR, and pressed play. As the tape rolled, she told him about the conversation she had just had with Gunther Glick in Vatican City. In addition, BBC photo archives had just given her a positive ID on the victim in St. Peter's Square. When the editor-in-chief emerged from his office, he was ringing a cowbell. Everything in editorial stopped. â€Å"Live in five!† the man boomed. â€Å"On-air talent to prep! Media coordinators, I want your contacts on line! We've got a story we're selling! And we've got film!† The market coordinators grabbed their Rolodexes. â€Å"Film specs!† one of them yelled. â€Å"Thirty-second trim,† the chief replied. â€Å"Content?† â€Å"Live homicide.† The coordinators looked encouraged. â€Å"Usage and licensing price?† â€Å"A million U.S. per.† Heads shot up. â€Å"What!† â€Å"You heard me! I want top of the food chain. CNN, MSNBC, then the big three! Offer a dial-in preview. Give them five minutes to piggyback before BBC runs it.† â€Å"What the hell happened?† someone demanded. â€Å"The prime minister get skinned alive?† The chief shook his head. â€Å"Better.† At that exact instant, somewhere in Rome, the Hassassin enjoyed a fleeting moment of repose in a comfortable chair. He admired the legendary chamber around him. I am sitting in the Church of Illumination, he thought. The Illuminati lair. He could not believe it was still here after all of these centuries. Dutifully, he dialed the BBC reporter to whom he had spoken earlier. It was time. The world had yet to hear the most shocking news of all. 79 Vittoria Vetra sipped a glass of water and nibbled absently at some tea scones just set out by one of the Swiss Guards. She knew she should eat, but she had no appetite. The Office of the Pope was bustling now, echoing with tense conversations. Captain Rocher, Commander Olivetti, and half a dozen guards assessed the damage and debated the next move. Robert Langdon stood nearby staring out at St. Peter's Square. He looked dejected. Vittoria walked over. â€Å"Ideas?† He shook his head. â€Å"Scone?† His mood seemed to brighten at the sight of food. â€Å"Hell yes. Thanks.† He ate voraciously. The conversation behind them went quiet suddenly when two Swiss Guards escorted Camerlegno Ventresca through the door. If the chamberlain had looked drained before, Vittoria thought, now he looked empty. â€Å"What happened?† the camerlegno said to Olivetti. From the look on the camerlegno's face, he appeared to have already been told the worst of it. Olivetti's official update sounded like a battlefield casualty report. He gave the facts with flat efficacy. â€Å"Cardinal Ebner was found dead in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo just after eight o'clock. He had been suffocated and branded with the ambigrammatic word ‘Earth.' Cardinal Lamasse was murdered in St. Peter's Square ten minutes ago. He died of perforations to the chest. He was branded with the word ‘Air,' also ambigrammatic. The killer escaped in both instances.† The camerlegno crossed the room and sat heavily behind the Pope's desk. He bowed his head. â€Å"Cardinals Guidera and Baggia, however, are still alive.† The camerlegno's head shot up, his expression pained. â€Å"This is our consolation? Two cardinals have been murdered, commander. And the other two will obviously not be alive much longer unless you find them.† â€Å"We will find them,† Olivetti assured. â€Å"I am encouraged.† â€Å"Encouraged? We've had nothing but failure.† â€Å"Untrue. We've lost two battles, signore, but we're winning the war. The Illuminati had intended to turn this evening into a media circus. So far we have thwarted their plan. Both cardinals' bodies have been recovered without incident. In addition,† Olivetti continued, â€Å"Captain Rocher tells me he is making excellent headway on the antimatter search.† Captain Rocher stepped forward in his red beret. Vittoria thought he looked more human somehow than the other guards – stern but not so rigid. Rocher's voice was emotional and crystalline, like a violin. â€Å"I am hopeful we will have the canister for you within an hour, signore.† â€Å"Captain,† the camerlegno said, â€Å"excuse me if I seem less than hopeful, but I was under the impression that a search of Vatican City would take far more time than we have.† â€Å"A full search, yes. However, after assessing the situation, I am confident the antimatter canister is located in one of our white zones – those Vatican sectors accessible to public tours – the museums and St. Peter's Basilica, for example. We have already killed power in those zones and are conducting our scan.† â€Å"You intend to search only a small percentage of Vatican City?† â€Å"Yes, signore. It is highly unlikely that an intruder gained access to the inner zones of Vatican City. The fact that the missing security camera was stolen from a public access area – a stairwell in one of the museums – clearly implies that the intruder had limited access. Therefore he would only have been able to relocate the camera and antimatter in another public access area. It is these areas on which we are focusing our search.† â€Å"But the intruder kidnapped four cardinals. That certainly implies deeper infiltration than we thought.† â€Å"Not necessarily. We must remember that the cardinals spent much of today in the Vatican museums and St. Peter's Basilica, enjoying those areas without the crowds. It is probable that the missing cardinals were taken in one of these areas.† â€Å"But how were they removed from our walls?† â€Å"We are still assessing that.† â€Å"I see.† The camerlegno exhaled and stood up. He walked over to Olivetti. â€Å"Commander, I would like to hear your contingency plan for evacuation.† â€Å"We are still formalizing that, signore. In the meantime, I am faithful Captain Rocher will find the canister.† Rocher clicked his boots as if in appreciation of the vote of confidence. â€Å"My men have already scanned two-thirds of the white zones. Confidence is high.† The camerlegno did not appear to share that confidence. At that moment the guard with a scar beneath one eye came through the door carrying a clipboard and a map. He strode toward Langdon. â€Å"Mr. Langdon? I have the information you requested on the West Ponente.† Langdon swallowed his scone. â€Å"Good. Let's have a look.† The others kept talking while Vittoria joined Robert and the guard as they spread out the map on the Pope's desk. The soldier pointed to St. Peter's Square. â€Å"This is where we are. The central line of West Ponente's breath points due east, directly away from Vatican City.† The guard traced a line with his finger from St. Peter's Square across the Tiber River and up into the heart of old Rome. â€Å"As you can see, the line passes through almost all of Rome. There are about twenty Catholic churches that fall near this line.† Langdon slumped. â€Å"Twenty?† â€Å"Maybe more.† â€Å"Do any of the churches fall directly on the line?† â€Å"Some look closer than others,† the guard said, â€Å"but translating the exact bearing of the West Ponente onto a map leaves margin for error.† Langdon looked out at St. Peter's Square a moment. Then he scowled, stroking his chin. â€Å"How about fire? Any of them have Bernini artwork that has to do with fire?† Silence. â€Å"How about obelisks?† he demanded. â€Å"Are any of the churches located near obelisks?† The guard began checking the map. Vittoria saw a glimmer of hope in Langdon's eyes and realized what he was thinking. He's right! The first two markers had been located on or near piazzas that contained obelisks! Maybe obelisks were a theme? Soaring pyramids marking the Illuminati path? The more Vittoria thought about it, the more perfect it seemed†¦ four towering beacons rising over Rome to mark the altars of science. â€Å"It's a long shot,† Langdon said, â€Å"but I know that many of Rome's obelisks were erected or moved during Bernini's reign. He was no doubt involved in their placement.† â€Å"Or,† Vittoria added, â€Å"Bernini could have placed his markers near existing obelisks.† Langdon nodded. â€Å"True.† â€Å"Bad news,† the guard said. â€Å"No obelisks on the line.† He traced his finger across the map. â€Å"None even remotely close. Nothing.† Langdon sighed. Vittoria's shoulders slumped. She'd thought it was a promising idea. Apparently, this was not going to be as easy as they'd hoped. She tried to stay positive. â€Å"Robert, think. You must know of a Bernini statue relating to fire. Anything at all.† â€Å"Believe me, I've been thinking. Bernini was incredibly prolific. Hundreds of works. I was hoping West Ponente would point to a single church. Something that would ring a bell.† â€Å"Fuco,† she pressed. â€Å"Fire. No Bernini titles jump out?† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"There's his famous sketches of Fireworks, but they're not sculpture, and they're in Leipzig, Germany.† Vittoria frowned. â€Å"And you're sure the breath is what indicates the direction?† â€Å"You saw the relief, Vittoria. The design was totally symmetrical. The only indication of bearing was the breath.† Vittoria knew he was right. â€Å"Not to mention,† he added, â€Å"because the West Ponente signifies Air, following the breath seems symbolically appropriate.† Vittoria nodded. So we follow the breath. But where? Olivetti came over. â€Å"What have you got?† â€Å"Too many churches,† the soldier said. â€Å"Two dozen or so. I suppose we could put four men on each church – â€Å" â€Å"Forget it,† Olivetti said. â€Å"We missed this guy twice when we knew exactly where he was going to be. A mass stakeout means leaving Vatican City unprotected and canceling the search.† â€Å"We need a reference book,† Vittoria said. â€Å"An index of Bernini's work. If we can scan titles, maybe something will jump out.† â€Å"I don't know,† Langdon said. â€Å"If it's a work Bernini created specifically for the Illuminati, it may be very obscure. It probably won't be listed in a book.† Vittoria refused to believe it. â€Å"The other two sculptures were fairly well-known. You'd heard of them both.† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"If we scan titles for references to the word ‘fire,' maybe we'll find a statue that's listed as being in the right direction.† Langdon seemed convinced it was worth a shot. He turned to Olivetti. â€Å"I need a list of all Bernini's work. You guys probably don't have a coffee-table Bernini book around here, do you?† â€Å"Coffee-table book?† Olivetti seemed unfamiliar with the term. â€Å"Never mind. Any list. How about the Vatican Museum? They must have Bernini references.† The guard with the scar frowned. â€Å"Power in the museum is out, and the records room is enormous. Without the staff there to help – â€Å" â€Å"The Bernini work in question,† Olivetti interrupted. â€Å"Would it have been created while Bernini was employed here at the Vatican?† â€Å"Almost definitely,† Langdon said. â€Å"He was here almost his entire career. And certainly during the time period of the Galileo conflict.† Olivetti nodded. â€Å"Then there's another reference.† Vittoria felt a flicker of optimism. â€Å"Where?† The commander did not reply. He took his guard aside and spoke in hushed tones. The guard seemed uncertain but nodded obediently. When Olivetti was finished talking, the guard turned to Langdon. â€Å"This way please, Mr. Langdon. It's nine-fifteen. We'll have to hurry.† Langdon and the guard headed for the door. Vittoria started after them. â€Å"I'll help.† Olivetti caught her by the arm. â€Å"No, Ms. Vetra. I need a word with you.† His grasp was authoritative. Langdon and the guard left. Olivetti's face was wooden as he took Vittoria aside. But whatever it was Olivetti had intended to say to her, he never got the chance. His walkie-talkie crackled loudly. â€Å"Commandante?† Everyone in the room turned. The voice on the transmitter was grim. â€Å"I think you better turn on the television.†

Company Policy for S-S Technology

Recruitment Policy Purpose To ensure that required staffs are appointed at required interval for S-S Technology. Responsibility Relevant department manager shall responsible to submit staff requisition form upon staff requirement. HER manager shall review and arrange for recruitment as per requested Information. Procedure When staff requirement request from concerned department manager who shall complete the staff requisition form and submit to HER. HER shall review and take approval from management for initiating recruitment process.HER shall make vacancy announcement as appropriate ways such as Journals, newspaper, notices, etc and collect applicant's C.V.. HER manager shall review collected C.V. and inform to applicants as appropriate ways for Interview. Interviewee or candidate shall fill application Issued by their selves. HER shall conduct the Interview and make decision for appointment for interview. HER. Related manager and GM shall make interview for selected candidates. HER shall submit to management to get approval of new appointment. After selected candidate, HER shall fill record, personal data, and agreement on S-S Technology rules.HER shall explain to new staff the S-S Technology rules detail and other requirements. Provisional period shall be defined as three months but It can be varied based on the assessment of department manager. If the performance of staff is found to be satisfactory after provisional period, department manager shall inform to HER for permanently appointment by appropriate way. HER manager shall issue permanent appointment letter after getting approval from management and inform to finance. HER staff shall keep all records of Taft in personnel data files.References ; Employee Requisition, Application Form, Interview Assessment Form, Request for Medical Test Form, Appointment Letter, Evaluation of New Employee's Job Performance, Permanent Letter, Personal data(C.V.),.. Etc. Performance Appraisal Policy The purpose is to give each employee to know how their performance, behavior and potential are evaluated by manager to improve confidence, to provide improvement of work performance. Responsibility Department manager Is responsible for analyzing competency of responsible staff heir performance in yearly basis.MD/GM is responsible to make performance evaluation for managers. Requirements For manager level – MD/GM shall conduct performance evaluation of managers and above level. – For below manger level – Department manger shall conduct performance evaluation and submit appraisal form to HER. – HER manager shall review and compile proposed comments from appraisal and discuss with MM/ Managers to proceed for improvement. HER manager is responsible to review appraisal outcomes in order to provide necessary training program or provision or resources. –HER manager and related manager shall discuss to upgrade skills of employee and to determine training needs including resource requirements on yearly basis. References Performance Appraisal, Master Skills Matrix. Training Policy To ensure staff are competent to perform their task and ensure to provide necessary training at requested interval. Responsibility HER is responsible to prepare and arrange the training plan after getting approval from management. Department manager is responsible to evaluate their staff competency and communicate with HER for arranging required training.Procedure HER manager shall prepare the training plan based on training requests from department managers and take approval from management. Upon requirement of training, department manager shall fill the nominations for training course and submit to HER. HER shall submit to management for getting approval from management. HER manager and related manager shall arrange the training requirements at requested time. After training is completed, HER manager shall keep the training records such as nomination, record list, course register , evaluations.Trainee and trainer evaluation shall be made to training to get effectiveness of training evaluation as reference. The related manager shall provide the provisional or on Job training defined by managers. Training certificate, if applicable and personal training record shall be updated by HER staff and keep in each relevant personal file. References : Training Request Form, Training Plan Form, Training Record List, Training Course Register, Training Evaluation (trainer), Training Evaluation (trainee), Personal Training Record.

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You Most people have decent jobs. They get up in the morning, grind out their 9-5, head home, and then do it all over again the next day. There’s nothing wrong with simply having a job. You need a job for food, clothes, shelter, etc. But if you’re someone that is looking for something more , and you’re stuck in a 9-5 rut, then you’re probably not happy with just having a job.You’ve probably noticed videos all over your social media showcasing successful people talking about their passion and how that connects to their success.For instance, successful people like Warren Buffet believe that the key to success is finding your passion. And while that may sound cliche and cheesy, we should remember that these people get up every morning, excited for the day. They look at every day as a new opportunity to affect thousands of people through their work. Clearly, these people are onto something.Here is what they understand that the average person doesn’t. Â  Source: [medium.com]

Battle of Cowpens in the American Revolution

Battle of Cowpens in the American Revolution The Battle of Cowpens was fought January 17, 1781  during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and saw American forces win one of their most tactically decisive victories of the conflict. In late 1780, British commander Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis sought to conquer the Carolinas and destroy Major General Nathanael Greenes small American army in the region. As he retreated north Greene directed Brigadier General Daniel Morgan to a take a force west to raise morale in the region and find supplies. Pursued by the aggressive  Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, Morgan made a stand in a pasture area known as the Cowpens. Correctly assessing his opponents reckless nature, Morgans men conducted a double envelopment of the British and effectively destroyed Tarletons command. Background After taking command of the battered American army in the South, Major General Nathanael Greene divided his forces in December 1780. While Greene led one wing of the army towards supplies at Cheraw, SC, the other, commanded by Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, moved to locate additional supplies for the army and stir up support in the back country. Aware the Greene had split his forces, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis dispatched an 1,100-man force under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to destroy Morgans command. A bold leader, Tarleton was notorious for atrocities committed by his men at earlier engagements including the Battle of Waxhaws.   Riding out with a mixed force of cavalry and infantry, Tarleton pursued Morgan into northwestern South Carolina. A veteran of the wars early Canadian campaigns and a hero of the Battle of Saratoga, Morgan was a gifted leader who knew how to obtain the best from his men. Rallying his command in a pastureland known as the Cowpens, Morgan devised a cunning plan to defeat Tarleton. Possessing a varied force of Continentals, militia, and cavalry, Morgan chose Cowpens as it was between the Broad and Pacolet Rivers which cut off his lines of retreat. Armies Commanders American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan1,000 men British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton1,100 men Morgans Plan While opposite to traditional military thinking, the Morgan knew his militia would fight harder and be less inclined to flee if their lines of retreat were removed. For the battle, Morgan placed his reliable Continental infantry, led by Colonel John Eager Howard, on the slope of a hill. This position was between a ravine and a stream which would prevent Tarleton from moving around his flanks. In front of the Continentals, Morgan formed a line of militia under Colonel Andrew Pickens. Forward of these two lines was a select group of 150 skirmishers. Lieutenant Colonel William Washingtons cavalry (around 110 men) was placed out of sight behind the hill. Morgans plan for the battle called for the skirmishers to engage Tarletons men before falling back. Knowing that the militia was unreliable in combat, he asked that they fire two volleys before retreating behind the hill. Having been engaged by the first two lines, Tarleton would be forced to attack uphill against Howards veteran troops. Once Tarleton was sufficiently weakened, the Americans would switch over to the attack. Tarleton Attacks Breaking camp at 2:00 AM on January 17, Tarleton pressed on to the Cowpens. Spotting Morgans troops, he immediately formed his men for battle despite the fact they had received little food or sleep in the preceding two days. Placing his infantry in the center, with cavalry on the flanks, Tarleton ordered his men forward with a force of dragoons in lead.  Encountering the American skirmishers, the dragoons took casualties and withdrew. Pushing forward his infantry, Tarleton continued  taking losses but was able to force the skirmishers back. Retreating as planned, the skirmishers kept firing as they withdrew. Pressing on, the British engaged Pickens militia who fired their two volleys and promptly fell back around the hill. Believing the Americans were in full retreat, Tarleton ordered his men forward against the Continentals (Map). Morgans Victory Ordering the 71st Highlanders to attack the American right, Tarleton sought to sweep the Americans from the field. Seeing this movement, Howard directed a force of Virginia militia supporting his Continentals to turn to meet the attack. Misunderstanding the order, the militia instead began withdrawing. Driving forward to exploit this, the British broke formation and then were stunned when the militia promptly stopped, turned, and opened fire on them. Unleashing a devastating volley at a range of about thirty yards, the Americans brought Tarletons advance to a halt. Their volley complete, Howards line drew bayonets and charged the British supported by rifle fire from Virginia and Georgia militia. Their advance stopped,the British were stunned when Washingtons cavalry rode round the hill and struck their right flank.While this was occurring, Pickens militia re-entered the fray from the left, completing a 360-degree march around the hill (Map). Caught in a classic double envelopment and stunned by their circumstances, nearly half of Tarletons command ceased fighting and fell to the ground. With his right and center collapsing, Tarleton gathered his cavalry reserve, his British Legion, and rode into the fray against the American horsemen. Unable to have any effect, he began withdrawing with what forces he could gather. During this effort, he was personally attacked by Washington. As the two fought, Washingtons orderly saved his life when a British dragoon moved to strike him. Following this incident, Tarleton shot Washingtons horse from under him and fled the field. Aftermath Coupled with the victory at Kings Mountain three months before, the Battle of Cowpens aided in blunting the British initiative in the South and regaining some momentum for the Patriot cause. In addition, Morgans triumph effectively removed a small British army from the field and relieved pressure on Greenes command. In the fighting, Morgans command sustained between 120-170 casualties, while Tarleton suffered approximately 300-400 dead and wounded as well as around 600 captured. Though the Battle of Cowpens was relatively small in regard to numbers involved, it played a key role in the conflict as it deprived the British of desperately needed troops and altered Cornwallis future plans. Rather continuing efforts to pacify South Carolina, the British commander instead focused his efforts on pursuing Greene. This resulted in a costly victory at Guilford Court House in March and his ultimate withdraw to Yorktown where his army was captured that October.

African Americans and the War for Independence 17631783 Essay

African Americans and the War for Independence 17631783 - Essay Example Today's Mande people are heirs to an extremely rich and vibrant historical legacy,the high point of which was the Mali people.The social status of the most ancient families is based on their identification with ancestors who participated with Sunjata in the founding of the empire early in the 13th century. Members of some of these lineages have the status of aristocrat, or horonw. Traditionally, they were proprietors of the land and community leaders, and were expected to conduct themselves with dignity and honor, and to speak only when they had something serious to say. The senior male members of families that traced their descent from a village's founder were eligible to be chiefs. Some lineages claimed descent from distinguished ancestors described in The Sunjata Epic, including Sunjata himself.Mande group is identified its association with Islam. This includes Muslim clerics who are specialists in Islamic studies or leaders of prayer at the mosques. Their Arabic title, imam, has become almami in the Mande languages. Some of these learned Muslims are teachers in Quran schools, where children study the holy book of Islam and are expected to memorize at least part of it in Arabic.The Mande people's own story about the origin of the Mali Empire is usually known as The Sunjata Epic named for Sunjata Keita, who is credited with founding the Mali Empire. The story begins some time around the beginning of the 13th century in Farakoro, Mande chiefdom. Farakoro was near the gold fields of Bur, which had been one of the main sources of gold for Ghana in earlier centuries and would become similarly important for the Mali Empire. The chief of Farakoro was Maghan Konfara (maghan means "chief" and Konfara was another name for his town). Like all chiefs and kings of his day, Maghan Konfara had diviners who would forecast the future. One day the diviners told Maghan Konfara that he would be the father of a great hero, but that the woman who would be the hero's mother had not yet been found. After a long search the woman was finally located in the kingdom of Do ni Kiri. She was Sogolon Cond, a sister of the mansa (king). Sogolon was an ugly, hunchbacked woman, but she had frightening powers as a sorceress and was recognized as the woman who was destined to give birth to this great hero. So she was brought to Farakoro and married to Maghan Konfara, who already had many other wives. Sunjata organized the soldiers of all the Mande chiefdoms into a powerful army that went to war against Soso. After a series of battles, Sunjata's army vanquished Sumaworo and the army of Soso. The unified Mande chiefdoms formed the basis of a powerful kingdom that expanded into all the neighboring territories and became the Mali Empire. The Mande oral traditions do not give dates for the events they describe, but from what was written by Arab geographers, it appears that the defeat of Soso happened some time during the 1230s. African Americans The tendency in the United States was to seek to separate slaves who had come from the same local region in Africa, to make the individuals easier to manage. It was harder for the slaves to develop a common culture, and to organize. Unusually, the slave population in the USA was able to reproduce, meeting the needs of the economy across the growing country, and thus avoiding reliance on illegal slave trading. Increasingly slaves were American-born, rather than recent arrivals from Africa. Families were able to be relatively stable, and many owners saw the economic benefits of an increasing slave population. In the USA, only Africans were kept as slaves, and there was resistance to the idea of emancipation or manumission. White indentured servants and voluntary emigrants, whose living conditions were not necessarily better, but whose legal status was superior, could meet other needs for labor. Where there was discussion of freeing of slaves, from the time of Thomas Jefferson, it was assumed that the freed slaves would be required to

The New Volkswagen Beetle Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Volkswagen Beetle - Research Proposal Example It needs to work on the targets it aims for, the position estimate, the price of its product and where will you sell it in order to keep stay on the highest profit. This will require feasibility studies to generate the required standard of meeting its goals. It is a chance to meet the growth of the society as well as generate new platforms that will position it in a place that will greatly provide more chances of growth and determination for the sake of getting the right position at all times. We will talk about all of these in deeper space through this research. The Volkswagen Beetle had to change its targets and had to replace them from Primary target to secondary target. It used to target the baby boomers generation as the Primary target. In this time, the new beetle is targeting two different generations. They are the millennials and the baby boomers. It is a cool car for young millennials because it has a good technology such as the GPS, and has a modern design. Millennials are the primary target for the Volkswagen Beetle. Women buyers were the most for a length of time than men. The secondary target is baby boomers. The Volkswagen Beetle uses the classical marketing to attract the baby boomers and the old generation of the millennials that have a good salary, and only feel tired of work and family life. It also includes who miss their children and who believe that old days were more fun. In this case, the strategy for beetle marketing department is to be the practical vehicle that supports every time you are going to meet friends by pla ying music and searching in the GBS. On the other hand, Volkswagen Beetle marketer uses the modelling marketing for young millennials by including technology such as apps with iPhones and improving the car style to follow the new modern. Volkswagen Beetle uses two different campaigns for the Primary and the secondary. The Volkswagen Beetle is German Company interred in the American market in 1949. In 1968, it was selling half million cars in the only USA. Nowadays, it sells cars throughout the world such as Ireland, Japan, UK and recently China.

Africans and Americans The Differences between Cultures Assignment

Africans and Americans The Differences between Cultures - Assignment Example Yet another notable musical aspect that has influenced the American musical forms include jazz and blues music forms- that were African instigated- that have made an entry into American music. Secondly, the language system of the African Americans has played a vast role in shaping the culture of the Americans today. Boyd argues that the Africans had to devise a new form of language that would lead to their bonding whilst in the Diaspora4. These languages involved the merging of the African, American and Caribbean vernaculars5. Today, the American language has seen the entry of these languages into the English structure. Though the same has been termed as slang, evidently, the African American language has claimed a huge percentage of the American language. Thirdly, African American art has influenced the American culture. In his work, Mbele argues that African American art has been accepted in the American culture6. Good examples include drawings, designs, architecture and carpets7. Present day American art display a huge percentage of African American artistic qualities8. This is an interpretation of the fact that Americans have slowly embraced and appreciated the African American works of art. The African American cultural expressions impact and leave an impression on American culture as a whole in many ways. In terms of politics, language and music amongst others, African American culture has continued to have a place in the American society. In the case of politics, for example, the United States now has an African American president. This is a clear suggestion of how far the African American culture has taken part a huge percentage of the American culture. The typical American culture cannot alienate itself from the Africanisation. Arguing that America has lost its ties with Africa is therefore fallacious.   With time, the cultural elements of African American culture are slowly being transmitted into the American culture.  

The United States and Canadian Correctional system

The United States and Canadian Correctional system From a historical point of view, Great Britain had influenced the correctional system in the United States and Canada. During the Americas Colonial period, United-States was under the British rule and its penal system today is influenced by efforts made during that time. While Canada is currently under the British rule and its penal system reflects their system. These two countries are located in close proximity to each other on the North American continent. In addition to sharing the same continent and being influenced by the same country, these two countries correctional systems are different. Primary, the United States system puts more emphasis on punishment through imprisonment which accounts for its high incarceration rate compared to other countries. Canada expresses more emphasis on reforming, rehabilitation and reintegration of the offenders into society. To explore the correctional system of these two countries, a comparative analysis will be conducted that will focus on the History, type of offenses or crimes, types of correctional system, correctional issues, and sentencing alternative programs. Finally, accommodations for resolving some of the most critical issues facing these two countries will be presented. History Early United States Correctional System The Unites States Correctional system had gone through many changes over the years. During the American Colonial time, execution was only used for serious offenses. Corporal punishment was often used as a form of punishment. Offenders who received corporal punishment received harsh treatment. For example, a practice called ducking stool was frequently used, in which offenders are placed on a chair and dunked into a pond until they almost drown. Another type of punishment was branding irons into someone skins, and was used for both serious and petty offenses. According to Champion (1990) pillory, flogging, mutilations and banishment were used to sanction deviant behavior. Those who were banished were sent to the western territories and the offenders were subjected to being killed by hostile Indians. According to Champion (1990) Corporal punishment stopped in 1682 when William Penn reformed the correctional system by banning it. He introduced fines and created jails in every county in the state of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, when Penn died the State of Pennsylvania reverted back to the corporal punishment, which continued in every colony until the American Revolutionary War. Then from the seventeenth through eighteenth century, jails and prisons in the United States were made with the intention to make profit off of the prisoners, which profited the wealthy people. Champion (1990) mentioned that private business interests were in control of North Carolina inmates, because the state and local governments avoided the responsibility of running prisons. This trend changed at the end of the civil war when the inmate population increased; jails and prison operation shifted from private enterprise to state legislature operations. However, some states prison labors continued as a source of revenue and also for political support. According to Champion (1990) from 1790 to 1815, the federal prison population increased tremendously causing prisoners to be released early from their sentences. Thus, federal district judges granted prison administrators the right to early release or parole to reduce inmate populations. Champion (1990) mentioned, during the early nineteenth century, probation and parole were established as a non-incarcerative strategy for managing offenders. In the 1930s, Probation started in selected jurisdictions. In the early 1820s parole was implemented and by 1944 parole was in all states. Early Canada Correctional System During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the death penalty was used against convicted serious offenders. According to Curt Griffiths and Simon Jones-Verdum (1990), transportation, banding, fines, whipping and confinement in stocks or pillory were forms of punishment for less serious crimes. Banishment was first used in the Upper Region of Canada in 1802 and Transportation was used in 1838 until 1853. The offenders who were banished were transported from Canada to England, Australia, and Bermuda. The purpose of these punishments was to caused shame to the offenders. It was used as a general deterrent for the community. Forms of capital and corporal punishment were conducted in public. For example, the offenders dead bodies were displayed for the public to see general deterrent to crimes. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the early period of Canada punishment was swift, severe and progressive and there were little uniformity in sentencing given by judges. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), during the 1600s and 1700s incarcerating inmates as a form of punishment was not widespread. For example, municipal jails and lock-ups facilities only held individuals who were awaiting trial, with the exception of a workhouse that was built in Nova Scotia, where prisoners were subjected to hard labor. In Nova Scotia, prisoners were exploited, and they had to pay for their meals and rents. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), failure to pay will result in longer stay in Nova. The workhouse continued until the mid-1800 when it was determined to be unfit for further habitation. Legislation was enacted to construct more workhouse in the late 1700s. However, many municipalities did not constructed such facilities because the warehouses were inadequate for habitation. This practice continues from the 1800s until the early twentieth century. In 1835, the first penitentiary in Canada was in Kingston, Ontario. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated that the idea to build the penitentiary was influenced by social, political and economic changes in Canada. They noted that, in the last 1700s, increasing urbanization and industrialization, increase in population, and increased social mobility had led to social control. Family disorganization and community corruption was believed to cause crime. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that penitentiaries were build to provide the necessary training and discipline to individuals who had no family, church and community influences. Also the Kingston penitentiary was built because crime was seen as the consequence of immorality, intemperance, lack of religious practice, and idleness (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994. p. 464). Also, criminals were seen as a threat to society. In 1840, the excessive use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary led to an investigation and a legislative action was implemented to reduce the use of corporal punishment in the Kingston Penitentiary. Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the Penitentiary Act of 1868 led to the construction of several penitentiaries in the country. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), after World War II, vocational training, educational programs along with therapeutic techniques were introduced into the federal and provincial institutions. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted, in 1969, the Canadian Committee on Corrections concluded that reforming the offenders was more effective than housing offenders in correctional institutions. However, in the 1980s, Canadian corrections returned to the punishment based on reparation. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that in the 1990s the federal level corrections are based on a mixture of program opportunities model and rehabilitation model. The opportunities model is based on the fact that offenders are responsible for their behavior and not on personality disorder or socio-economic conditions. The historical aspects of the America and Canada penal system are important for penology to understand why ones country is the way it is now. In the early period, based on the seriousness of the crime corporal punishment was used and as society got more civilized imprisonment was used to punish criminals for certain type of crime. Today, Canada defines crime and punishes criminal differently than the United States. The different types of crime and forms of punishment exercised by both countries will be explored. Type of Crimes United States In U.S crimes are classified in two main categories; misdemeanors and felonies. According to Champion (1990), misdemeanors are minor or petty offenses that carry less severe penalties. Misdemeanor offenses may result in fines and incarceration for less than one year in a local jail. For example, financial statement, prostitution, shoplifting and trespassing are consider misdemeanor offenses. Champion (1990) defined felonies offenses as major crimes that carry more severe penalty and may result in fines and/or incarceration for one or more years in a state or federal facility. For example, arson, murder, rape, burglary, robbery, vehicular theft (Champion, 1990, p. 52) are consider felonies offenses. In the United States crimes are categorized as either violent or property crimes. Violent crimes are crimes that cause physical harm to other while property crimes are considered nonviolent crimes. Canada According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are three major categories of crime in Canada: summary conviction offenses, indictable offences and hybrid offenses-a combination of summary conviction and indictable offences. Summary convictions offenses are the least serious and carry the most lenient penalties ,while indictable offences are the most serious and carry the most severe penalties (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p. 216). Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), mentioned that hybrid offenses lie somewhere between the two previously mention crimes. Summary convictions offenses may result in a fine of $2,000 and six months in jail. For example, committing indecent act, public disturbance, prostitution and driving a motor vehicle without the owners fall under this category. permission. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) stated Indictable offences include, murder, treason, property crimes, possession of stolen goods, assault and sexual assault. According to Griffiths and J ones-Verdum (1994), these offenses may result in a two years to life imprisonment in a federal penitentiary or provincial jail (only if the offenses are less than two years). Also Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) continued to noted, that Hybrid offenses include, theft, fraud under $1,000, driving under the influences and assaults (sexual assault and assaulting a police officer). Type of Corrections and Correctional Issues United States The American correctional system is divided into the Local, State and Federal system. Each 50 states have different correctional organizations system. In fact, no state is required to follow any federal correctional system or plan, and as a result, a mixture of agencies and organizations is found (Champion, 1990 p.38) in every state. Each state, county and city maintains facilities to house offenders. Champion (1990) mentioned that State offenders are sentenced to state prisons, those who violated local criminal laws are sentenced to city or county jails, and federal offenders are sentenced to federal correctional institutions (penitentiaries, prison camps and detention centers). Champion (1990) also mentioned that recently, many federal prisons are used to housed state and federal offenders to help reduce overcrowding. On the Federal Level, the Department of Justice oversees all federal correctional agencies which include the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the U.S Parole Commission. There are different confinement facilities established to house prisoners, such as, minimum-security prisons, medium-security prisons, maximum-security prisons and Maxi-Maxi prisons. According to Champion (1990), minimum and medium security prisons account for 60 percent of all state and federal prisons in the United States. He further mentioned that the Federal Bureau of Prisons oversees numerous minimum security prisons and these prisons house low-risk, nonviolent first time offenders and prisoners who are on their way toward parole. He also mentioned that the medium security prisons house extremely violent and nonviolent offenders. In Medium prisons, visitation privileges, freedoms of movements and access to services program are restricted. Champion notes (1990) approximately 40 percent of U.S prisons are maximum-security facilities that housed escapers, violent crime recidivists and other high-risk offenders. Maxi-Maxi prisons housed the worst type of offenders, especially offend ers who tried to escape prisons. Regarding sentencing alternatives, legislators have established numerous intermediate punishments to control prison and jail overcrowding. According to Champion (1990), legislators established numerous forms of intermediate sanction programs. Champion (1990) noted that the types of intermediate sanctions programs used in many US jurisdictions, include intensive supervised probation, community-based corrections, house arrest and electronic monitoring. Intensive supervised probation (ISP) involves consist or intensive visitation by probation officers on a monthly basis. The main purpose of community-based programs is to reintegrate probationers into their community. According to Champion (1990), Community-based programs include halfway houses, furlong monitoring facilities and halfway-in house. Champion (1990) electronic monitoring as confining offenders to their place of residences until their sentencing time is completed. According to Champion (1990), in the United States diversion p rogram are available for minor offenses, such as reckless drivers and driver under the influences. He stated that diversion programs includes, psychological counseling for sex offenders, group therapy, vocational/educational training, probation, victim restitution and other programs. There are numerous issues facing Americas prisons, such as overcrowding, riots, prison design and control and racial disparity among prisoners. Regarding overcrowding in the United States, in 1987 the state capacities were 105 to 120 percent over their capacity and the federal prison were 37 to 73 percent over its capacity (Champion 1994, p. 229). Today that ratio capacity percent amount has increased. According to Goldstone and Useem (2002), external pressures on prison administrations, such as charges in law or increase sentencing on inmates had influenced prison riots. They go on to state that, arbitrary rule, excess use of force by staff, loss of inmates services, extreme violence and lack of safety for inmates has led to riot in United States prisons. Another problem in prison is racial disparity. According to Anthony Doob and Julian Roberts (1997), in 1991, blacks account for 12% of the general population and 48% are incarcerated in prisons and jails in America. Finally, prison design and control are serious issues facing American prisons. Canada The Correctional Services of Canada and the National Parole Board Canada oversee all adult federal correctional agencies. The Provincial Correctional Services provides services for provincial areas in Canada. According to Giffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), the Correctional Service of Canada agency is organized into three levels: national, regional, and institutional or district offices, and parole offices. The national level is located in Ottawa. There are six regional headquarter located throughout different regions in Canada and there are responsible for overseeing the maximum, medium, and minimum security facilities, community correctional services and forest work camps. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that the National Parole Board is an independent administrative agency with 36 full time members who review cases on inmates either serving life sentences and indeterminate sentences for dangerous offenders, grant full and day parole to federal inmates and to provincial inmat es. Provincial Correctional Services provide services for offenders serving less than two years in prison. Provinces governments are responsible for detaining offenders prior to their initial court appearances in temporary lock-ups facilities. Regarding sentencing alternatives, the Canadian Sentencing Commission mentions that sentencing guidelines should ensure a greater reliance upon community sanctions as opposed to the penalty of imprisonment (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994, p.363). The Correctional Service of Canada and various provincial correctional agencies offer numerous intermediate sanctions programs such as home confinement, Intensive probations supervision, electronic monitoring. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), there are also Community based-programs to assists inmates such as, vocational training programs, educational programs, chaplaincy and religious services, medical, dental and psychiatric services and occupational and vocational program. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), suggested that Canada federal corrections are highly-Labor-Intensive due to large personnel who are responsible for supervising in custodial and non-custodial setting. As a result, escalating costs of managing and supervising convicted offenders at the federal level (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 473) increase costs. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994) noted that to housed inmates in maximum security institutions is very costly. They also mentioned, in 1994, to house an inmate in a federal facility it cost on average $136 per day. Anthony Doob and Roberts Julian (1994), stated that aboriginal and black Canadians are overrepresented in the federal prison facilities. They noted that from 1993-94 aboriginals makeup 3.7 % of the population and 12 % was incarcerated in federal prisons and blacks make up 2% and accounted for 5% of those incarcerated in federal prisons. Overcrowding is a major issue in Canada Correctional System because it leads to es calating violence in its prisons. Comparative Analysis There are many differences and few similarities between Canada and United-States correctional system in terms of the types of correctional system and types of crimes. The critical issues facing the correctional system in the United States and Canada are very similar. For example, overcrowding, riots and racial disparities are critical issues both countries are facing today. These two countries correctional goals are different. The American correctional institutions goal is the rehabilitation of the offenders in prisons by providing training and developmental programs. However this goal was driven by other factors; overcrowding, costs and economic crisis. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), correctional institutions focus on the reformation and the reintegration. Thus, Canada correctional system put more priority on institutional service programs to help offenders after they are released from prisons. For example, Canadian realized the federal prisoners literacy rate was l ow. In fact, in 1991 65% of inmate in federal correctional facilities had math and language skills below the level of grade eight (Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, 1994 p. 514) and an ABE prison education program were created to reduce the literacy rate. Historical capital punishment was used for serious crimes and corporal punishment was used for less serious crimes in Canada and in the United States. Social changes, such as, increase in population, prisons and jails lead to the constructions of penitentiaries and warehouses to housed prisoners in both countries. In the early twentieth century, both countries initiated probation and parole programs to deal with the overcrowding prison population. Currently, both countries have are many self improvement programs to help offenders and inmates to improve themselves in society. In both countries, sentences are based upon the level of seriousness of the crimes. The sentencing for less serious and most serious crimes in the United States and Canada varies. In Canada the minimum sentence for serious offenses is longer compared to the United States. And in the United States the minimum sentence for less serious offenses is longer compared to Canada. For certain serious offenses (murder) depending on the jurisdiction in the US, capital punishment is illegal as opposed to Canada were capital punishment is illegal. Banning capital punishment have increased the number of prisoners serving life sentences. According to Griffiths and Jones-Verdum (1994), in order to deal with the large numbers of people incarcerated, the government adopted the Canadian Sentencing Commission recommendation that sentencing guidelines should put great dependences on community sanction programs as opposed to imprisonment to reduce the prison population. Thus, correctional administrators a nd judges have push for the development of alternative sentencing programs to reduce the high incarceration rated. The type of correctional systems in the United States and Canada are different in terms of what governmental agency oversees the local and federal level prison system. In the United States, correctional facilities are divided into several levels; federal, state, county and cities. In contract, Canada correctional facilities are divided two levels; federal and provincial. In the United States all 50 states, including countries and cities set its own rules and regulations on how to run prisons. Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994) mentioned earlier that Canada local jails and temporary lock-up facility (temporary housed people waiting for trail) are under the control of the provincial government. And, the Correctional Service of Canada (federal agency) oversees the national, all regional and institutional/district officers and operates 73 parole offices. Similarly, the Department of Justice (federal agency) oversees the all States, Federal and inmates on parole. However, Canadas Provinci al Correctional Services (non-federal agency) shares responsible by providing parole and probation services to Canadians. This is due to the fact that the National Parole Board agency that is delegated to oversees all inmate on parole and probations are not located in some provincial regions. United States and Canada both have federal government agencies that oversee all maximum, minimum and medium security prisons. The introduction of intermediate sanction programs and division programs in the United States and Canada was implemented for different reasons. Based on Champion (1994), the 1973 President Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice created community-based program to reduce the prisons population in the US. In contrast, Griffiths and Jones-Verdum, (1994), stated, in 1993, Canada federal government passed a bill that resulted in the expansion of intermediate sanctions program that focuses on helping and keeping offenders out of prison. United States is more interested in punishing the offenders through imprisonment while Canada is more interested in providing alternatives efforts to confinement. Its one of the main reasons the United States incarceration rate in the United-States is the highest in the world. Both countries have seen the benefits of intermediate sanctions as a mean to rehabilitate and to reintegrate offenders into the community as a way to contain their costs and reduce their incarceration rate. Both countries used intermediate sanctions, such as intensive probation supervision (IPS), community-based programs, home confinement and electronic monitoring as a mean to reduce the incarceration rate and reintegrate offenders. However both countries cited that intermediate sanctions programs have resulted in widening the net creating an increase numbers of offenders in the criminal justice system. A negative effect of increasing the numbers of intermediate sanctions programs is officials who are assigned to monitor these offenders will not contribute much time and efforts rehabilitating every offenders. Nevertheless, these programs have contributed in some way or another in rehabilitate offenders. Accommodations There are accommodations the United States and Canada can apply for prisons overcrowding riots and high disparities among minorities. Regarding overcrowding solutions, both countries can implement front-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which recommends prosecutors and judges to have greater use of diversion program and community-based services for offenders. A second recommendation for overcrowding is back-door solutions (Champion, 1990, p.229), which involves granting prisoners early release or parole, furlough and administrative discharge. Currently, Canada is more into practicing the use of intermediate sanctions more than the United States. As a result, their incarceration population decreased and contain their cost. In addition having private businesses investing in the running of prison facilities will reduce management cost. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) note that prison riots are caused by state or national officials imposing new demands on prisons administrations, inadequate services provided to prisoners, prisoner abuse by security guards and more. Bert Useem and Jack Goldstone (2002) suggested that the Major Rudolph Giuliani solved prisons riots in New York by appointing Michael Jacobson and Bernad Devik who implement new reform actions. Such as, creating unity and coherence in policy among the warden and correction staff, increasing the safety of prisoners, curbing excessive use of force by staff and enforcing swift and effective responses to inmates provocations. Those New York Prison reform ideas can be implemented in every state in the US and Canada. Another solution for prison riots is to recommend staff to monitor prisoners who behave in prisons by granting those prisoners early release. One major issues that both countries face is racial disparity, for US it is African Americans and for Canada it is Blacks and Aboriginal Canadians. Solutions for racial disparity include changing mandatory sentencing law for certain offenses that tend to discriminate against minorities. Conclusion The United-States believes that the rehabilitation of offenders is an ideal goal to be met in their correctional system, but in reality many offenders reenter into the criminal justice system. One reason cited earlier is that correctional officials do not get ample time dedicated to monitoring offenders rehabilitative progress because of heavy caseload and the large amount of people in alternative sentencing programs. In contrast, Canadas penal system puts more emphasis on the use of alternative sentences programs that focuses on treating the offender as opposed to imprisonment. Canada believes more in giving the offender an opportunity to better ones self. Thus, Canada has a mixture of opportunities and rehabilitation model. In fact, Canada sentencing commission and other governmental bodies have made it an effort to give offenders the need to become a productive member of society. Both countries implemented correctional programs and alternative sentencing programs to reduce overcro wding and costs. But the United States implemented those type of programs to reduce overcrowding and costs instead of rehabilitating the offenders. .